What about the frame?

A painting’s frame serves many different functions. It protects the work and secures it in place, and allows us to hang it on the wall for display. A frame also brings the painted composition in focus by providing an aesthetically pleasing border that complements the work in tone and style, and can help to integrate an artwork into an interior setting. But frames are also historical objects in their own right. Created by specialized artists and craftsmen, they can accumulate important information about the works they hold over time.

An inscription on the reverse of the gilded and gesso-carved softwood frame of Portrait of a Boy, Age 12, for instance, identifies the sitter as the English poet John Milton (1608–1674). Research into the veracity of this anonymous assertion is still inconclusive. But knowing that the portrait was thought to represent the famous poet in the past helps us to better understand past appreciation of the work and to find references to it in historical records, including auction catalogues.

Unknown Artist; Previously attributed to Cornelius Janssen van Ceulen (English, Flemish and German descent, 1593–1661), Portrait of a boy, age 12 (possibly John Milton), 1620. Oil on panel, 54.5 x 42.5 cm. Gift of Capt. C. Michael Paul, 1959.70. In gesso-carved softwood frame, possibly eighteenth century.
Unknown Artist; Previously attributed to Cornelius Janssen van Ceulen (English, Flemish and German descent, 1593–1661), Portrait of a boy, age 12 (possibly John Milton), 1620. Oil on panel, 54.5 x 42.5 cm. Gift of Capt. C. Michael Paul, 1959.70. In gesso-carved softwood frame, possibly eighteenth century.
detail of the reverse of a wood frame showing stamped numbers, a sticker, and inscription in blck ink reading "John Milton at 12 Years of Age"
This inscription can be found on the reverse of the frame that normally holds Portrait of a Boy, Age 12
Page from an auction catalogue with handwritten annotations in black ink along the margins indicating prices and buyers names, highlighted section reading "no. 15, Janssen, Portrait of Milton, Aetat 12"
An annotated page from an auction catalogue that records a sale held in London in 1898, lists lot no. 15 as a portrait of John Milton at age 12, which sold for 13 pounds and 13 shillings to an “E. Kelly.” Catalogue of pictures by old masters from numerous private collections […] London, Christie, Manson & Woods, 23 July 1898, p. 4.

A tavern scene by Adriaen Brouwer’s workshop came to the Picker in a frame that was originally made for a smaller painting. Cuts through the diagonal reinforcements in the corners show that the frame opening was enlarged to accommodate the larger panel. Unfortunately, the frame covered a disproportionate part of the painted surface as a result. For this reason, curators decided to give it a new frame that better allows viewers to appreciate the full composition.

Back of wood frame
Gilded compo frame with wooden substrate, verso, (probably) early twentieth century.
Painting in ornamental gilded frame showing male peasants in a tavern, three seated in the foreground smoking
Men Smoking in an Interior, ca. 1622–1638 (active), in previous frame. Oil on panel, 36.8 x 44.5 cm. Gift of Max Oberlander, 2015.5.4
Painting as it appears on the gallery wall in black wooden frame
Workshop of Adriaen Brouwer (ca. 1605–1638) Men Smoking in an Interior, ca. 1622–1638 (active), in new frame. Oil on panel, 36.8 x 44.5 cm. Gift of Max Oberlander, 2015.5.4

Portrait of a Woman was held in a display case with a glass enclosure. We learn from a 1938 inventory of paintings owned by collector Max Oberlander that the work was already kept in this display case at that time. The portrait left Austria, in this case, two months after the country’s annexation by Nazi Germany. Despite a tumultuous life that included moves across continents, this container has thus served well to protect the work from damage over the past century.

Half-length portrait of woman looking at us in three-quarter profile
Unknown Artist, Portrait of a Woman, ca. 1530–1540. Oil on panel, 32.4 x 24.8 cm. Gift of Max Oberlander, 2015.5.1
View of a display case with green velvet liner as installed in the gallery
Display case with green velvet liner and glass enclosure, early twentieth century
detail of a typewritten inventory sheet with highlighted section and handwritten annotations in red along left margin indicating prices
Detail of export form, 3 May 1938. Archive of the Federal Monuments Office (Bundesdenkmalamt) Vienna. Export Records, no. 892/1938, Max Oberlander. Digital image courtesy of the Federal Monuments Office, Vienna.

A painting’s frame serves many different functions. It protects the work and secures it in place, and allows us to hang it on the wall for display. A frame also brings the painted composition in focus by providing an aesthetically pleasing border that complements the work in tone and style, and can help to integrate an artwork into an interior setting. But frames are also historical objects in their own right. Created by specialized artists and craftsmen, they can accumulate important information about the works they hold over time.

detail of the reverse of a wood frame showing stamped numbers, a sticker, and inscription in blck ink reading "John Milton at 12 Years of Age"
This inscription can be found on the reverse of the frame that normally holds Portrait of a Boy, Age 12
Unknown Artist; Previously attributed to Cornelius Janssen van Ceulen (English, Flemish and German descent, 1593–1661), Portrait of a boy, age 12 (possibly John Milton), 1620. Oil on panel, 54.5 x 42.5 cm. Gift of Capt. C. Michael Paul, 1959.70. In gesso-carved softwood frame, possibly eighteenth century.
Unknown Artist; Previously attributed to Cornelius Janssen van Ceulen (English, Flemish and German descent, 1593–1661), Portrait of a boy, age 12 (possibly John Milton), 1620. Oil on panel, 54.5 x 42.5 cm. Gift of Capt. C. Michael Paul, 1959.70. In gesso-carved softwood frame, possibly eighteenth century.

An inscription on the reverse of the gilded and gesso-carved softwood frame of Portrait of a Boy, Age 12, for instance, identifies the sitter as the English poet John Milton (1608–1674). Research into the veracity of this anonymous assertion is still inconclusive. But knowing that the portrait was thought to represent the famous poet in the past helps us to better understand past appreciation of the work and to find references to it in historical records, including auction catalogues.

Page from an auction catalogue with handwritten annotations in black ink along the margins indicating prices and buyers names, highlighted section reading "no. 15, Janssen, Portrait of Milton, Aetat 12"
An annotated page from an auction catalogue that records a sale held in London in 1898, lists lot no. 15 as a portrait of John Milton at age 12, which sold for 13 pounds and 13 shillings to an “E. Kelly.” Catalogue of pictures by old masters from numerous private collections […] London, Christie, Manson & Woods, 23 July 1898, p. 4.

A tavern scene by Adriaen Brouwer’s workshop came to the Picker in a frame that was originally made for a smaller painting. Cuts through the diagonal reinforcements in the corners show that the frame opening was enlarged to accommodate the larger panel. 

Back of wood frame
Gilded compo frame with wooden substrate, verso, (probably) early twentieth century.

Unfortunately, the frame covered a disproportionate part of the painted surface as a result. For this reason, curators decided to give it a new frame that better allows viewers to appreciate the full composition.

Painting in ornamental gilded frame showing male peasants in a tavern, three seated in the foreground smoking
Men Smoking in an Interior, ca. 1622–1638 (active), in previous frame. Oil on panel, 36.8 x 44.5 cm. Gift of Max Oberlander, 2015.5.4
Painting as it appears on the gallery wall in black wooden frame
Workshop of Adriaen Brouwer (ca. 1605–1638) Men Smoking in an Interior, ca. 1622–1638 (active), in new frame. Oil on panel, 36.8 x 44.5 cm. Gift of Max Oberlander, 2015.5.4

Portrait of a Woman was held in a display case with a glass enclosure. 

Half-length portrait of woman looking at us in three-quarter profile
Unknown Artist, Portrait of a Woman, ca. 1530–1540. Oil on panel, 32.4 x 24.8 cm. Gift of Max Oberlander, 2015.5.1
View of a display case with green velvet liner as installed in the gallery
Display case with green velvet liner and glass enclosure, early twentieth century

We learn from a 1938 inventory of paintings owned by collector Max Oberlander that the work was already kept in this display case at that time. 

detail of a typewritten inventory sheet with highlighted section and handwritten annotations in red along left margin indicating prices
Detail of export form, 3 May 1938. Archive of the Federal Monuments Office (Bundesdenkmalamt) Vienna. Export Records, no. 892/1938, Max Oberlander. Digital image courtesy of the Federal Monuments Office, Vienna.

The portrait left Austria, in this case, two months after the country’s annexation by Nazi Germany. Despite a tumultuous life that included moves across continents, this container has thus served well to protect the work from damage over the past century.